Microsurgical Treatment of Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm (P2P Segment): Case Report and Review of the Literature

Introduction Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) represent 1% of all intracranial aneurysms and usually present with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Objective The aimof the present study is to describe the case of an adult man presenting a saccular aneurysm of the right PCA at the posterior half of the postcommunicating (P2P) segment, and to discuss the technical nuances of the approach and of the clipping process. Case Report An investigation of a chronic headache in a 55-year-old man found a saccular aneurysm located just posterior to the most lateral portion of the right cerebral peduncle. A digital subtraction arteriography revealed a 7.8 mm 5.6 mm 4.8 mm posterior-medial projecting aneurysm of the right PCA at the P2P segment. A subtemporal approach was performed with partial aspiration of the right parahippocampal gyrus for a better exposure of the vascular structures. A proximal temporary occlusion of the PCA was performed at the anterior half of the postcommunicating P2A segment. The aneurysm was clipped with two semi-curved clips. The patient presented an uneventful recovery and was discharged from the hospital on the third postoperative day without any additional neurological deficits. Conclusion Aneurysms of the PCA are an uncommon vascular disease that challenges the ability of the neurosurgeons due to their many anatomical nuances, to their vast number of perforators, and to the risk of bleeding. However, the operative management of aneurysms of the PCA is technically feasible, safe and effective when performed respecting microsurgical principles.

Microsurgical Resection of Craniocervical Dermoid Cyst by Far Lateral Approach: Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction Intracranial dermoid tumors represent a rare clinical entity that accounts for 0.04 to 0.6% of all intracranial tumors. Their location in the posterior fossa is uncommon. Objectives To report the case of a young woman with a posterior fossa dermoid cyst treated by right far lateral approach. Case Report A 17-year-old woman presenting with swallowing difficulties for 6 weeks was referred for a neurological investigation. Amagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed a hyperintense T1-weighted large expansive lesion occupying the posterior fossa and compressing the anterior face of the brain stem and cerebellum. The patient underwent surgical treatment by right far lateral approach with decompression of vascular and neural structures. The patient presented an uneventful recovery, and was discharged home on the fourth postoperative day without any additional neurological deficits. The anatomopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of dermoid cyst. Conclusion The far lateral approach is a safe and feasible route to appropriately treat large posterior fossa dermoid cysts. Decompression of vascular and neural structures is essential to achieve good symptom control.

Ruptured Bilateral Pericallosal Artery Aneurysm in Mirror Position: Case Report

Introduction Pericallosal artery (PA) aneurysms represent 2 to 9% of all intracranial aneurysms, and their management remains difficult. Objective The aim of the present study is to describe the case of an adult woman with subarachnoid hemorrhage and bilateral PA aneurysm in mirror position. Case Report A 46-year-old woman was referred to our institution 20 days after a sudden severe headache. She informed that she was treating her arterial hypertension irregularly, and consumed 20 cigarettes/day. The patient was neurologically intact at admission. A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) on the first day of the onset of the symptoms revealed hydrocephaly and subarachnoid hemorrhage (Fisher III). An angio-CT/digital subtraction arteriography showed bilateral PA aneurysms in mirror position. The patient was successfully treated with surgery via the right interhemispheric approach (because the surgeon is right-handed); the surgeon performed the proximal control with temporary clipping, and introduced an external ventricular drain at the end of the surgery. The patient was discharged on the fourth postoperative day without any additional neurological deficits or ventricular shunts. Conclusion Ruptured PA aneurysm is a surgically challenging aneurysm due to the many anatomical nuances and risk of rebleeding. However, the operativemanagement of ruptured bilateral PA aneurysms is feasible and effective.

Prognosis Factors in Patients with Spinal Cord Trauma / Fatores de prognóstico em pacientes com trauma raquimedular

Objective Analyze the predictors of prognosis in patients with spinal cord trauma (SCT) in a tertiary hospital. Method Study prospective with 321 patients. The analysis focused on patient-related data, cause of accident, anatomical distribution, neurologic status, associated injuries, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital complications/mortality. Results The SCT was more common in men, but women older than 50 years presented a higher risk than men of the same age. Automobile accidents, motorcycle accidents, and gunshots resulted in more injuries associated. The cervical spine involvement was directly related to an increase in the number of associated injuries, complications, and mortality. Already, the neurologic status ASIA-A was associated with an increase in the number of complications, length of stay, and mortality. Conclusion The predictive factors of prognosis in these patients included age, sex, cause of injury, anatomic distribution, and neurologic status.

Objetivo Analisar os preditores de prognóstico em pacientes vítimas de trauma raquimedular (TRM) em um hospital terciário. Método Estudo prospectivo com 321 pacientes. A análise foi direcionada aos dados relacionados aos pacientes, causa do acidente, distribuição anatômica, status neurológico, lesões associadas, tempo de permanência hospitalar e complicações e mortalidade no hospital. Resultados O TRM foi mais comum em homens, mas mulheres com idade superior a 50 anos apresentaram mais risco que homens da mesma faixa etária. Ferimento por arma de fogo, acidentes automobilísticos e de motocicleta resultaram em maior número de lesões associadas. O trauma na coluna cervical foi diretamente relacionado

Analysis of patients with spinal cord trauma associated with traumatic brain injury / Análise de pacientes com trauma raquimedular associado a traumatismo cranioencefálico / Análisis de los pacientes con traumatismos vertebrales asociados con traumatismos encefálicos

Objective: Characterize victims of spinal cord injury (SCI) associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and risk factors. Methods: Study conducted with 52 victims of SCI associated with TBI. The variables studied were: sex; age; marital status; occupation; educational level; religion; etiology and the lesion area; neurological condition by the ASIA scale; associated injuries and potential risk factors. Results: The male (85%), aged between 21-30 years (25%), civil status stable union (56%), low level of education (69%) and the Roman Catholic religion (77%) presented the greater number of victims. Motor vehicle accidents (58%) were the main etiology. The cervical segment had higher injury risk (RR=3.48, p<0.0001). The neurological status ASIA-E (52%), the syndromic neck pain (35%) and the rate of mild TBI (65%) were the most frequent. Complications occurred in 13 patients with increased frequency of pneumonia (62%). The length of hospital stay was significantly higher (20±28 days) and 17% of patients died. Men (RR=2.14, p=0.028) and individuals exposed to motor vehicle accidents (RR=1.91, p=0.022) showed a higher risk of these lesions concurrently. Moreover, these patients had 2.48 (p<0.01) higher risk of death than victims of SCI alone. Conclusion: The SCI associated with TBI was more frequent in men, young adults, and individuals exposed to motor vehicle accidents. The cervical spine is more likely to be affected. Furthermore, ...

Objetivo: Caracterizar vítimas de trauma raquimedular (TRM) associado a traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) e fatores de risco. Métodos: Estudo realizado com 52 vítimas de TRM associado a TCE. Foram estudadas as variáveis: sexo; idade; estado civil; profissão; escolaridade; religião; etiologia e região do TRM; condição neurológica pela escala da ASIA; lesões associadas e fatores de risco em potencial. Resultados: O sexo masculino (85%), a faixa etária entre 21-30 anos (25%), o estado civil de união estável (56%), o baixo nível de escolaridade (69%) e a religião Católica Apostólica Romana (77%) apresentaram um maior número de vítimas. O acidente automobilístico (58%) foi a principal etiologia. O segmento cervical teve maior risco de lesão (RR=3,48; p<0,0001). O estado neurológico ASIA-E (52%), o quadro sindrômico de cervicalgia (35%) e o índice de TCE leve (65%) foram os mais frequentes. As complicações atingiram 13 pacientes, sendo pneumonia a de maior frequência (62%). O tempo de internação foi significativamente maior (20 ± 28 dias), e 17% dos pacientes foram a óbito. Os homens (RR=2,14; p=0,028) e indivíduos expostos a acidentes com veículo automotor (RR=1,91; p=0,022) apresentaram maior risco de sofrer essas lesões ...

Objetivo: Caracterizar las víctimas de traumatismos vertebrales (TV) asociados con traumatismos encefálicos (TE) y los factores de riesgo. Métodos: Estudio realizado con 52 víctimas de TV asociados con TE. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: sexo; edad; estado civil; profesión; educación; religión; etiología y el área de la lesión; condición neurológica por la escala ASIA; lesiones asociadas y factores de riesgo potenciales. Resultados: El varón (85%), con edades comprendidas entre 21-30 años (25%), estado civil de relación estable (56%), bajo nivel de educación (69%) y la religión católica (77%) presentaron un mayor número de víctimas. Los accidentes de tráfico (58%) fueron la principal etiología. El segmento cervical presentó mayor riesgo de lesión (RR = 3,48, p<0,0001). El estado neurológico ASIA-E (52%), cuadro sindrómico de dolor del cuello (35%) y la tasa de TE leve (65%) fueron las más frecuentes. Las complicaciones ocurrieron en 13 pacientes, con una mayor frecuencia de la neumonía (62%). La estancia hospitalaria fue significativamente mayor (20 ± 28 días) y el 17% de los pacientes murió. Los hombres (RR=2,14, p=0,028) y los individuos expuestos a accidentes de tráfico (RR = 1,91, p=0,022) mostraron un mayor riesgo de estas lesiones ...

Predictors of clinical complications in patients with spinomedullary injury / Preditores de complicações clínicas em pacientes com trauma raquimedular / Predictores de complicaciones en pacientes con trauma raquimedular

Objective: To analyze individuals with spinal cord injury who developed secondary clinical complications, and the variables that can influence the prognosis. Methods: A prospective study of 321 patients with spinal cord injury. The variables were collected: age, sex, cause of the accident, anatomical distribution, neurological status, associated injuries, in-hospital complications, and mortality only in patients who developed complications. Results: A total of 72 patients were analyzed (85% male) with a mean age of 44.72±19.19 years. The individuals with spinal cord injury who developed clinical complications were mostly male, over 50 years of age, and the main cause was accidental falls. These patients had longer hospitalization times and a higher risk of progressing to death. Pneumonia was the main clinical complication. With regard to the variables that can influence the prognosis of these patients, it was observed that spinal cord injury to the cervical segment with syndromic quadriplegia, and neurological status ASIA-A, have a higher risk of developing pneumonia, the most common complication, as well as increased mortality. Conclusion: Clinical complications secondary to spinal cord injury are influenced by demographic factors, as well as characteristics of the injury contributing to an increase in mortality.

Objetivo: Analisar pacientes de um hospital terciário com trauma raquimedular que evoluíram com complicações clínicas intra-hospitalares, bem como as variáveis que podem interferir no prognóstico. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de 321 pacientes vítimas de trauma raquimedular, que coletou dados sobre as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, etiologia do acidente, distribuição anatômica, estado neurológico, lesões associadas, complicações clínicas e mortalidade. Foram analisados apenas os pacientes que evoluíram com complicações. Resultados: Foram analisados 72 pacientes (85% do sexo masculino), com média de idade de 44,72±19,19 anos. Esses indivíduos com trauma raquimedular evoluíram com complicações clínicas intra-hospitalares, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino e com idade superior a 50 anos, sendo a principal causa a queda acidental. Além disso, esses pacientes apresentaram maior tempo de permanência hospitalar e risco de evoluir para o óbito. A pneumonia foi a principal complicação clínica. Com relação às variáveis que podem interferir no prognóstico desses pacientes, observa-se que o trauma raquimedular no segmento cervical com quadro sindrômico de tetraplegia e o estado neurológico ASIA-A apresenta maior risco de desenvolver complicações clínicas, sendo a pneumonia a mais frequente, assim como maior risco de aumentar a mortalidade. Conclusão: As complicações clínicas secundárias ao trauma raquimedular são influenciadas por fatores demográficos, assim como por características relacionadas com a lesão, interferindo no aumento da mortalidade.

Objetivo: Analizar los pacientes en un hospital de tercer nivel con lesión de la médula espinal que tuvieron complicaciones clínicas, así como las variables que pueden influir en el pronóstico. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de 321 pacientes con lesiones de la médula espinal, que recopiló datos sobre las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, causa del accidente, distribución anatómica, estado neurológico, lesiones asociadas, complicaciones clínicas y mortalidad. Sólo se analizaron los pacientes que desarrollaron complicaciones. Resultados: Se analizaron 72 pacientes (85% varones) con una edad media de 44,72±19,19 años. Aquellos individuos con lesión de la médula espinal progresaron con complicaciones clínicas intrahospitalarias, en su mayoría varones y mayores de 50 años, siendo la caída accidental la principal causa. Además, estos pacientes tenían una estancia hospitalaria más prolongada y riesgo de progresar a la muerte. La neumonía fue la principal complicación clínica. En cuanto a las variables que pueden influir en el pronóstico de estos pacientes, se observa que la lesión de la médula espinal en el segmento cervical con cuadro sindrómico de tetraplejía y el estado neurológico ASIA-A aporta un mayor riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones clínicas, siendo la neumonía la más frecuente, así como mayor riesgo de aumento de la mortalidad. Conclusión: Las complicaciones clínicas secundarias a la lesión de la médula espinal se ven afectadas por factores demográficos, así como por las características relacionadas con la lesión, que influyen en el aumento de la mortalidad.

The role of dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging in differentiating between infectious and neoplastic focal brain lesions: results from a cohort of 100 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Differentiating between infectious and neoplastic focal brain lesions that are detected by conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be a challenge in routine practice. Brain perfusion-weighted MRI (PWI) may be employed as a complementary non-invasive tool, providing relevant data on hemodynamic parameters, such as the degree of angiogenesis of lesions. We aimed to employ dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging (DSC-MRI) to differentiate between infectious and neoplastic brain lesions by investigating brain microcirculation changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DSC-MRI perfusion studies of one hundred consecutive patients with non-cortical neoplastic (n = 54) and infectious (n = 46) lesions were retrospectively assessed. MRI examinations were performed using a 1.5-T scanner. A preload of paramagnetic contrast agent (gadolinium) was administered 30 seconds before acquisition of dynamic images, followed by a standard dose 10 seconds after starting imaging acquisitions. The relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) values were determined by calculating the regional cerebral blood volume in the solid areas of lesions, normalized to that of the contralateral normal-appearing white matter. Discriminant analyses were performed to determine the cutoff point of rCBV values that would allow the differentiation of neoplastic from infectious lesions and to assess the corresponding diagnostic performance of rCBV when using this cutoff value. RESULTS: Neoplastic lesions had higher rCBV values (4.28±2.11) than infectious lesions (0.63±0.49) (p<0.001). When using an rCBV value <1.3 as the parameter to define infectious lesions, the sensitivity of the method was 97.8% and the specificity was 92.6%, with a positive predictive value of 91.8%, a negative predictive value of 98.0%, and an accuracy of 95.0%. CONCLUSION: PWI is a useful complementary tool in distinguishing between infectious and neoplastic brain lesions; an elevated discriminatory value for diagnosis of infectious brain lesions was observed in this sample of patients when the rCBV cutoff value was set to 1.3.

Giant intracranial aneurysms: morphology and clinical presentation.

The purpose of this study was to correlate the morphology of giant intracranial aneurysms (GIA) with their clinical presentation. Eighty patients with GIA, 14 males and 66 females, were studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were made to test the associations between morphological and clinical features. The main locations of the unruptured GIA included the carotid cavernous segment, and for the ruptured GIA, the most frequent were the carotid supraclinoid and middle cerebral arteries. There was a significant association among communicating arteries (CA) of "bad" quality and presence of thrombus and calcification (TC). The risk of rupture is 8 times higher in patients with CA of "bad" quality and 11 times higher in patients without TC. GIA are more frequent in the cavernous segment. There is a high rupture risk in the middle cerebral artery. CA of "bad" quality are associated with TC. The rupture risk is significantly higher in patients without TC.

Meningioma Intracraniano com Manifestação como Acidente Isquêmico Transitório / Intracranial meningioma manifesting as transient ischemic

Meningiomas são caracterizados como as neoplasias intracranianas primárias mais comuns em adultos. Apresentam umaampla variação de manifestações clínicas e a interpretação da sintomatologia dos meningiomas, segundo sua localização, éum dos temas mais fascinantes que exploram todo o potencial do exame neurológico clínico. As crises epilépticas são citadascomo o primeiro sintoma na maioria dos pacientes. Entretanto, nos acidentes cerebrovasculares, particularmente nos acidentesisquêmicos transitórios (AITs), o surgimento de meningiomas não é comum. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente com meningiomaintracraniano que se manifestou inicialmente como AIT e realizamos uma breve revisão das possíveis explicações para o evento.

Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com traumatismo raquimedular atendidos em hospital terciário / Epidemiological profile of patients suffering from cord spinal injury treated in tertiary hospital / Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes con trauma espinal tratados en el hospital de tercer nivel

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com traumatismo raquimedular atendidos em hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, transversal, prospectivo, com 321 pacientes vítimas de traumatismo raquimedular, realizado de janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2012. Foram estudadas as variáveis: sexo; idade; estado civil; profissão; escolaridade; religião; procedência; etiologia, morfologia e região da lesão; condição neurológica pela escala da ASIA e lesões associadas. RESULTADOS: Amostra constituída por 72% pacientes do sexo masculino e 28% do feminino, prevalência da faixa etária de 21 a 30 anos. Os estados civis mais frequentes foram união estável (46,8%) e solteiros (41,7%). O nível de escolaridade foi ensino fundamental incompleto (57%) e completo (17,8%). As causas mais frequentes foram acidentes automobilísticos (38,9%) e queda (27,4%). A lesão mais presente foi fratura explosão (23,7%), as regiões mais afetadas foram cervical subaxial (41,7%) e transição toracolombar (30,5%). A lesão associada mais frequente foi traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) (28,2%). O estado neurológico mais observado na internação/alta foi ASIA-E. Ocorreram 25 óbitos (7,8%), sendo que 76% com lesão na região cervical foram estratificados com ASIA-A, e 68% tiveram complicações respiratórias. CONCLUSÃO: O trauma raquimedular acometeu mais adultos jovens do sexo masculino com união estável e baixo nível de escolaridade. A causa mais frequente foi acidente automobilístico, o tipo de lesão foi fratura explosão e a região cervical a mais acometida. A condição neurológica mais presente foi ASIA-E, o TCE foi a lesão associada mais frequente e a maior gravidade pela classificação da ASIA nos casos de envolvimento cervical aumentou o risco de complicações respiratórias e morbidade e mortalidade.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the epidemiological profile of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) treated in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Descriptive, transversal and prospective study with 321 patients, conducted from January/2009 to June/2012. Variables studied: sex; age; marital status; profession; schooling; religion; origin; etiology, morphology and region of the lesion; neurological status by ASIA and the associated lesions. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 72% males and 28% females, the prevalent age group was 21-30 years. The most common marital status was married (46.8%) and singles (41.7%). The educational level was incomplete (57%) and complete (17.8%) elementary school. The most common causes were traffic accidents (38.9%) and falls (27.4%). The most common injury was burst fracture (23.7%), the most affected areas were subaxial cervical (41.7%) and thoracolumbar transition (30.5%). The most frequent associated injury was traumatic brain injury (TBI) (28.2%). The most frequent neurological condition at admission/discharge was ASIA-E. There were 25 deaths (7.8%) and 76% with lesion in the cervical region were classified with ASIA-A and 68% had respiratory complications. CONCLUSION: SCI affected more married young adult males with low level of education. The most common cause was motor vehicle accident, the type of injury was burst fracture and the cervical region was the most affected. The most common neurological status was ASIA-E and TBI was the most frequente associated injury and the greater severity by ASIA in cases with the cervical involvement increased the risk of respiratory complications and morbidity and mortality.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes con lesión medular atendidos en hospital de tercer nivel. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo con 321 pacientes que sufrieron lesiones de la médula espinal, realizado desde enero del 2008 hasta junio del 2012. Se estudiaron las variables: sexo; edad; estado civil; profesión; escolarización; religión; origen; etiología, la morfología y la región del lesión; estado neurológico por la escala ASIA y lesiones asociadas. RESULTADOS: La muestra se compone de 72% de hombres y 28% de mujeres, con prevalencia del grupo de edad de 21-30 años. el estado civil más frequente fue casados (46.8%) y solteros (41.7%). El nivel de escolaridad fue educación primaria incompleta (57%) y completa (17,8%). Las causas más frecuentes fueron los accidentes de autos (38.9%) y las caídas (27,4%). La lesión más común fue la fractura por estallido (23,7%), la región más afectada fue la subaxial cervical (41.7%) y la transición lumbar torácica (30.5%). La lesión asociada más frecuente fue la cerebral traumática (LCT) (28.2%). El estado neurológico más encontrado en la admisión/alta fue ASIA-E. Hubo 25 muertes (7.8%), 76% de lesiones en la región cervical fueron estratificados como ASIA-A, y el 68% tuvo complicaciones respiratorias. CONCLUSIÓN: La lesión de la médula espinal afecta más jóvenes varones casados y con bajo nivel de educación. La causa más común fue el accidente de auto, el tipo de lesión fue fractura por estallido y la región cervical fue la más afectada. El estado neurológico más común fue ASIA-E y las LCT asociadas fueron las más frecuentes y más graves en ASIA. La mayor gravedad por la clasificación de ASIA en casos de afectación cervical aumentó el riesgo de complicaciones respiratorias y la morbi-mortalidad.

Aneurismas intracranianos gigantes: aspectos morfológicos, clínicos e operatórios / Intracranial aneurysms: morphological, clinical and operative aspects

Aneurismas intracranianos gigantes são definidos como aqueles em que o seu maior diâmetro ultrapassa 25 mm, sendo considerados entidade clínico-patológica que difere dos aneurismas de diâmetro menor quanto a incidência de ruptura, apresentação clínica e dificuldade de terapêutica. O tratamento do aneurisma gigante pode ser conservador, endovascular ou neurocirúrgico, e essa decisão depende de fatores como localização anatômica e características do aneurisma, condição médica, idade do doente, habilidades cirúrgicas e possibilidade de tratamento endovascular ou bypass. Apesar de o avanço no conhecimento da patogenia, hemodinâmica, morfologia, de a melhoria nos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem e de o desenvolvimento de técnicas endovasculares e microcirúrgicas terem possibilitado melhor resultado de tratamento, aneurismas gigantes apresentam prognóstico ruim e continuam desafiando os limites de técnicas neurocirúrgicas.

Intracranial giant aneurysms are defined as those larger than 2.5 cm in diameter. These aneurysms represent a clinicopathological entity that differs of ones smaller diameter regarding incidence of rupture, clinical presentation and therapeutic difficulties. The treatment of giant aneurysm can be conservative, endovascular or neurosurgical. This decision depends on factors such as anatomical localization and aneurysm characteristics, patient medical condition, age, surgical skills and possibility of endovascular tr eatment or bypas s. Be side s advancement of knowledge about pathogeny, hemodynamics, morphology, improvement of diagnostic imaging methods and development of endovascular and microsurgical techniques have improved the treatment outcome, giant aneurysms present bad prognosis and remain challenging the limits of neurosurgical techniques.

Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of focal neoplastic and infectious brain lesions / Perfusão por ressonância magnética na avaliação das lesões focais neoplásicas e infecciosas do encéfalo

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard method for brain assessment however the conventional MRI techniques may present limitations by only providing qualitative or anatomic parameters. Over recent decades, new complementary MRI techniques have been developed that supply quantitative parameters providing functional or metabolic-biochemical data. Perfusion-weighted imaging, one of these techniques, has become a powerful tool in neuroradiology. The goal of this article is to present a review about the role of perfusion-weighted MRI in the evaluation of solitary or multiple, neoplastic and infectious, focal brain lesions. Brain perfusion studies can be achieved as a complementary method to conventional MRI techniques to provide hemodynamic parameters using a non-invasive technique. This method demonstrates the degree of angiogenesis of lesions and is thus useful in the differentiation between neoplastic and infectious lesions, primary tumors and solitary metastases and in the post-treatment follow up to differentiate between tumoral recurrence and radionecrosis by identifying the presence or absence of hyperperfusion.

A ressonância magnética (RM) é o método de diagnóstico por imagem de escolha na avaliação encefálica, entretanto as técnicas convencionais de RM podem apresentar limitações por fornecerem somente parâmetros qualitativos ou anatômicos. Nas últimas décadas, têm surgido novas técnicas complementares de RM que fornecem parâmetros quantitativos proporcionando informações funcionais ou metabólico-bioquímicas. A perfusão é atualmente uma destas técnicas que vem se apresentando como uma importante ferramenta na neurorradiologia. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão sobre o papel da seqüência de perfusão por RM na avaliação das lesões focais neoplásicas e infecciosas, únicas ou múltiplas, do encéfalo. O estudo da perfusão encefálica pode ser realizado como método complementar às técnicas convencionais de RM,permitindo o acesso aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de uma maneira não invasiva e demonstrando o grau de angiogênese das lesões sendo, portanto, útil na diferenciação entre lesões neoplásicas e infecciosas, tumor primário e metástase única e no seguimento pós-tratamento para a diferenciação entre recidiva tumoral e radionecrose, através da demonstração da presença ou ausência de hiperperfusão.

Aneurisma dissecante da artéria vertebral e doença de behçet / Disseting aneurysm of the vertebral artery and behçets disease

A doença de Behcet é caracterizada por uma condição inflamatóriacronica, multissistemica e recorrente, que podeapresentar manifestações vasculares e neurológicas duranteseu curso. Raramente encontramos associação desta afecçãocom aneurismas cerebrais e quando presente, o predomínio éna circulação anterior. Descrevemos um caso raro de doençade Behcet associado a aneurisma roto da artéria vertebralsubmetido a tratamento endovascular.

Angioarchitecture and clinical presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations.

The purpose of this study was to correlate the angioarchitecture of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) with their clinical presentation. A total of 170 patients with AVM 78 males and 92 females, were studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted in order to test the associations between morphological features and clinical presentation. The most frequent clinical presentations at diagnosis were hemorrhage in 89 (52%) patients, headache in 79 (46%), focal neurological deficit in 54 (32%), and seizure in 52 (31%). According to the Spetzler-Martin classification, grade I was found in 15 patients, II in 49, III in 55, IV in 41, and grade V in 10 patients. AVM with small nidus size, single feeding artery and single draining vein were associated with hemorrhage. Hemorrhage was positively associated with Spetzler-Martin grade I and negatively with grade V. The association between seizure and large nidus size was positive, however negative with small nidus size.

Angioarchitecture and clinical presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations / Angioarquitetura e apresentação clínica de malformações arteriovenosas encefálicas

The purpose of this study was to correlate the angioarchitecture of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) with their clinical presentation. A total of 170 patients with AVM 78 males and 92 females, were studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted in order to test the associations between morphological features and clinical presentation. The most frequent clinical presentations at diagnosis were hemorrhage in 89 (52 percent) patients, headache in 79 (46 percent), focal neurological deficit in 54 (32 percent), and seizure in 52 (31 percent). According to the Spetzler-Martin classification, grade I was found in 15 patients, II in 49, III in 55, IV in 41, and grade V in 10 patients. AVM with small nidus size, single feeding artery and single draining vein were associated with hemorrhage. Hemorrhage was positively associated with Spetzler-Martin grade I and negatively with grade V. The association between seizure and large nidus size was positive, however negative with small nidus size.

O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a angioarquitetura de malformações arteriovenosas encefálicas (MAV) com sua apresentação clínica. Foram estudados 170 pacientes portadores de MAV, sendo 78 do sexo feminino e 92 do masculino. Análises univariada e multivariada foram efetuadas para testar associações entre características morfológicas e quadro clínico. As principais formas de apresentação clínica no momento do diagnóstico incluíram hemorragia em 89 (52 por cento) pacientes, cefaléia em 79 (46 por cento), déficit focal em 54 (32 por cento) e convulsão em 52 (31 por cento). De acordo com a classificação de Spetzler e Martin, 15 pacientes tinham MAV grau I, 49 grau II, 55 grau III, 41 grau IV, e 10 grau V. MAV com nidus de tamanho pequeno, aferência e eferência únicas foram associados à hemorragia. Hemorragia foi positivamente associada com grau I e negativamente com grau V. A associação entre convulsão e nidus de tamanho grande foi positiva, porém negativa com nidus de tamanho pequeno.